William Blake Nurses Songs Essays - , Term Papers

William Blake Nurse's Songs T. S. Eliot once said of Blake's works, ?The Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience are the sonnets of man with a significant enthusiasm for human feelings, and a significant information on them.? (Award 507) In these books of verse and craftsmanship, composed and drawn by William Blake himself, are portrayals of poor people, the shaded, the dark horse and the youngster's blamelessness and the man's understanding. The focal point of my paper will be on Blake's utilization of straightforward language, analogies and drawings to show the two unique conditions of the human soul: blamelessness and experience. I plan to show this through two sonnets: the ?Nurse's Song? of honest people and the ?NURSES Song? of experience. In the principal sonnet, the sonnet speaking to guiltlessness, the medical attendant is out of sight picture as an entirely, young lady, sitting and perusing by a tree. Her state of mind is serene and very still ?When the voices of kids are heard on the green/And snickering is heard on the slope.? (Blake 23) The drawing and the sonnet likewise pass on a feeling of harmony and trust. The youngsters are na?ve and defenseless against the agony, the distress, and the indecencies of the distorted world; yet their confidence in the way that they are ensured by the medical attendant, similar to a sheep by his shepherd, is obvious from their play. The medical caretaker herself believes that the youngsters are protected from depravities in light of their voices and giggling. The image shows this trust of the youngsters through their joyful play, clasping hands and moving in a ring. In the following refrain, the medical attendant appears to step into her insight into experience: At that point get back home my youngsters, the sun is gone down What's more, the dews of night emerge Come Leave off play, and let us away Till the morning shows up in the skies. (ll. 5-8) She requests that they come in, in order to shield them from the risks, or perhaps just from introduction, to the night and its clamminess. Her anxiety for what the haziness brings must mean she has encountered the prior night. The exact moment this verse starts, a sobbing willow tree shows up on the correct side of the lines. It doesn't leave until the dramatization is finished and the youngsters get the opportunity to remain out and proceed with their play. Similarly as fast as the medical attendant communicates her anxiety, the kids in their guiltlessness express their longing to play more. The youngsters, with their insightful guiltlessness, declare it is still light out; and in addition to the fact that they know it, however the sheep despite everything brushing and the flying creatures despite everything flying know it as well. With this, the attendant surrenders to them, and the youngsters are successful. By her surrendering to them, she shows love and comprehension for their insight into what is around them. In this manner, she shows that guiltlessness gets information similarly just as an accomplished grown-up. In this manner, would it not be sheltered to expect that without the debasement of specific encounters the spirit can at present be educated and shrewd? As the sonnet closes, the reverberation of chuckling and yelling again controls the slopes. By coming back to the resounding giggling of youngsters, Blake restores the peruser to the blamelessness felt in the first place. What's more, by utilizing the word ?reverberated? to depict how the kids' play resonates all through the slopes, he gives the kids' blamelessness endlessness. The guiltlessness and satisfaction these kids have are reflected in ?Infant Joy.? ?Newborn child Joy? is about an infant who is only two days old. There is a short discourse between the child and the infant's mom: ?I glad am/Joy is my name,/Sweet happiness come to pass for thee!? (ll. 3-5), which depicts the least complex type of honesty and bliss Blake would ever depict. The sonnet proceeds with the pleasantness and guiltlessness that a child speaks to. The attendant of experience responds distinctively to the youngsters in their play and the infant of euphoria. In this sonnet, a solid, moderately aged medical attendant brushes a kid's hair. A young lady plunks down behind the kid. The outline gives no indication of joyful play and radiates the feeling that these kids are stifled. Encompassing the image is a

The Real Marketing Value of a Professional Book Cover

The Real Marketing Value of a Professional Book Cover Uncovered: The Real Marketing Value of a Professional Book Cover Most independently published writers as of now comprehend the significance of incredible spread structure. With regards to advertising their book, the spread structure is their essential deals device, the substance of their task, and what can lift them to an expert standard according to perusers. Be that as it may, if writers know this, for what reason do such a significant number of still make their own book covers?Most regularly, it comes down to assets. Expertly planned book takes care of expense cash (however not as much as you would might suspect), and frequently, writers wind up asking themselves: does an expert book spread really get you more snaps and deals? The Professional Cover TestTo answer this inquiry for the last time, we as of late ran a test, in which independently published writers were welcome to get their book covers re-structured by an accomplished proficient on Reedsy.Four titles from a scope of sorts were chosen and gone into an A/B test: over the time of seven days, we ran two Facebook advertisements for each book. The two promotions were indistinguishable all around - aside from the spread picture - and presented to roughly 1,000 clients from a similar crowd set. That way, we would find what amount the re-planned spread effects the snap rate pace of an advert.On normal, we saw a 35% expansion in the attractiveness of books with proficient covers.What does this mean? For each test, the expertly planned spread had an active visitor clicking percentage that was 12.5â€50% higher than their non-proficient partners. Let’s investigate every one of the overhauls and let our creators clarify their approaches.Once a Brid esmaid -  48% more clicksBuy The Fire Within on AmazonWhy do proficient spreads matter?An successful spread will get pertinent perusers reacting to your advertisements and going to your Amazon page. Once there, the structure will convey the tone and substance of your book and get a greater amount of (the right) perusers to purchase or download it. This, thus, improves your odds of positive audits and evaluations, which will send you up Amazon’s rankings, giving your book more noteworthy perceivability, prompting considerably more downloads. More so than in many markets, independently publishing benefits intensely from the snowball effect.And we haven’t even addressed how your spread can be utilized for peruser magnetsâ and crowdfunding campaigns!To see about expand your book’s promoting potential, head over to the Reedsy Marketplace and solicitation free statements from more than 200 experienced book fashioners with involvement with pretty much every comprehe nsible genre.Sign up for our free web based showcasing course and figure out how to utilize Facebook publicizing to advertise your own books.If you've had a re-plan of your book spread - or on the off chance that you've considered getting an expert spread however chosen not to - share your musings in the remarks underneath.

Implications for Reading and Writing Heavy Online Use Richmond Writing

Implications for Reading and Writing Heavy Online Use Richmond Writing This is Joe Essid, for now using the user name writing (uggh), as if I were some Socratic essence. In a recent issue of Atlantic Monthly, Nicolas Carr published Is Google Making Us Stupid? He posits that our minds are changing neurologically from using technology so much.   Sounds far-fetched, but neuroscientists have observed changes in our brains for some time, especially among children. Note this response to Carr from the letters to the editor in the current issue   of Atlantic: Nicholas Carr correctly notes that technology is changing our lives and our brains. The average young person spends more than eight hours each day using technology (computers, PDAs, TV, videos), and much less time engaging in direct social contact. Our UCLA brain-scanning studies are showing that such repeated exposure to technology alters brain circuitry, and young developing brains (which usually have the greatest exposure) are the most vulnerable. Instead of the traditional generation gap, we are witnessing the beginning of a brain gap that separates digital natives, born into 24/7 technology, and digital immigrants, who came to computers and other digital technology as adults. This perpetual exposure to technology is leading to the next major milestone in brain evolution. More than 300,000 years ago, our Neanderthal ancestors discovered handheld tools, which led to the co-evolution of language, goal-directed behavior, social networking, and accelerated development of the frontal lobe, which controls these functions. Today, video-game brain, Internet addiction, and other technology side effects appear to be suppressing frontal-lobe executive skills and our ability to communicate face-to-face. Instead, our brains are developing circuitry for online social networking and are adapting to a new multitasking technology culture. Gary Small, M.D. Director, UCLA Memory Aging Research Center Los Angeles, Calif.

Printable Chemistry Quiz - Atom Basics

This is a multiple choice chemistry quiz on atoms that you may take online or print. You may wish to review atomic theory before taking this quiz. A self-grading online version of this quiz is available, too. TIP:To view this exercise without ads, click on print this page. The three basic components of an atom are:(a) protons, neutrons, and ions(b) protons, neutrons, and electrons(c) protons, neutrinos, and ions(d) protium, deuterium, and tritiumAn element is determined by the number of:(a) atoms(b) electrons(c) neutrons(d) protonsThe nucleus of an atom consists of:(a) electrons(b) neutrons(c) protons and neutrons(d) protons, neutrons, and electronsA single proton has what electrical charge?(a) no charge(b) positive charge(c) negative charge(d) either a positive or negative chargeWhich particles have approximately the same size and mass as each other?(a) neutrons and electrons(b) electrons and protons(c) protons and neutrons(d) none - they are all very different in size and massWhich two particles would be attracted to each other?(a) electrons and neutrons(b) electrons and protons(c) protons and neutrons(d) all particles are attracted to each otherThe atomic number of an atom is:(a) the number of electrons(b) the number of neutrons(c) the number of pro tons(d) the number of protons plus the number of neutronsChanging the number of neutrons of an atom changes its:(a) isotope(b) element(c) ion(d) chargeWhen you change the number of electrons on an atom, you produce a different:(a) isotope(b) ion(c) element(d) atomic massAccording to atomic theory, electrons are usually found:(a) in the atomic nucleus(b) outside the nucleus, yet very near it because they are attracted to the protons(c) outside the nucleus and often far from it - most of an atoms volume is its electron cloud(d) either in the nucleus or around it - electrons are readily found anywhere in an atom Answers: 1 b, 2 d, 3 c, 4 b, 5 c, 6 b, 7 c, 8 a, 9 b, 10 c

George H.W Bush the first Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Ambition was to drive George H. W. Bush to try for the Republican nomination for President in 1980. He failed in this endeavor, but Ronald Reagan made him his running mate. When Ronald Reagan became the President of the United States of America, George H. W. Bush became the Vice-President from where he continued to play a role in domestic and international affairs. In 1988 George H. W. Bush succeeded in gaining the Republican nomination for President. With Senator Dan Quayle as his running mate, he managed to stave of the Democratic challenge of Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis in the general election, and become the President. It is as President of United States of America that George H. W. Bush comes under then scanner to ascertain his effectiveness as head of the most powerful nation in the world to the citizens of the United States of America and the people of the world. (2). Analysis of the Efficiency of George H. W. Bush as President: The efficiency of the President of nation is gauged by the impact of the benefits that have accrued to the people of the nation. We will write a custom essay sample on George H.W Bush the first or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In the case of the United States of America, having become the sole super power, it also becomes essential to analyze the impact of the foreign policy of the President as its effects are felt all round the world. It may not be possible to evaluate all the domestic and international policies and their impacts within the scope of this paper, but an evaluation of a few salient points in either sphere would provide a pointer as to the efficiency of George H. W. Bush as the President of the United States of America. Domestic Scenario: At the very outset it needs to be accepted that George H. W. Bush did not succeed to a seat of comfort. The democrats controlled both the houses and that meant any domestic agenda that George H. W. Bush had in mind would be limited by this constraint, unless he acted forcefully. (3). In addition widespread military related expenditure during the period of Reagan administration had reduced the United States of America from being a creditor nation to the largest debtor nation in the world. The treasury coffers were nearly empty and President George H. W. Bush could not rely on financial strength to push through any of his agendas, and on the contrary this would hamstring him to function under a reduced budget. (4). Leaders of nations are expected to face challenges and the manner in which they face the challenges during their tenure of leadership is a testament of their effectiveness.

International Political Economy Free Essays

string(159) " divisions within and between societies wider than before so that cooperative relations and a fairer distribution of resources remain ever more elusive goals\." Part Perspectives on International Political Economy The first chapter of the text deals with the fundamental nature of International political economy (PIP) and some analytical Issues related to Its multidimensional character. Chapters 2 through 4 are the core chapters of the text that explore the history and policies associated with the three dominant PIP perspectives, namely economic liberalism, mercantilism, and structuralism. These theoretical tools are useful In understanding many political, economic, and social Issues In the global economy of the past as well as the present. We will write a custom essay sample on International Political Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chapter 5 develops two alternative PIP respective?constructivism and feminism?that derive, In part, from the three mall outlooks under study. Chapter What Is International Political Economy? We Are the 99%: A Haitian hillside. Georgian Allen When a philosopher has once laid hold of a favorite principle, which perhaps accounts for many natural effects, he extends the same principle over the whole creation, and reduces to it every phenomenon, though by the most violent and absurd reasoning. Our own mind being narrow and contracted, we cannot extend our conception to the variety and extent of nature †¦ David Hump, â€Å"The Septic† 2 The Darkness on the Edge of Town he Darkness on the edge of town What are the chances you will find a good paying Job?or any Job for that matter? when you graduate from college In the next few years? Have your parent’s or people you know lost their Jobs, the family home, or a big chunk of their retirement savings? How are you adjusting to the financial crisis? Maybe things haven’t been that bad for you, yet! Reading the headlines of any major newspaper, you might sometimes worry that the world is on the brink of a global economic catastrophe, if not a second Great Depression. The effects of the global economic crisis have made many people feel ensue, tearful, and depressed. The collapse to the US housing market in 2 morphed into a credit crisis that threatened some of the biggest banks and financial institutions in the United States and Europe. Government leaders responded with a variety of bank rescue measures and so-called stimulus packages to restart their economies. These interventions angered many ordinary folks who felt that the bailouts rewarded bankers and Coos who had caused the crisis in the first place. Meanwhile, many people around the world were forced out of their homes and became unemployed. They suffered cuts in social services, health care benefits, and education spending when governments were forced to trim budgets. As we write in late 2012, the hoped-for recovery has proved elusive. Unemployment in the United States is stuck at 7. 9 percent; in the European Union (ELI), it has risen to 1 1. 6 percent (23. 4 percent for young people). Home foreclosures and stagnant incomes continue to place enormous strain on many families’ finances. The EX. has fallen into another recession, with countries like Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal so deep in debt that they might slide into national bankruptcy, causing the Else’s monetary system to collapse. People seem to have lost confidence in national and international political institutions that underpin capitalism and democracy. Is this what the Great Transformation from industrial to post-industrial society was supposed to look like? Are globalization and the so-called â€Å"creative destruction† of new technologies shrinking the middle classes in Western countries and permanently shifting economic dynamism to Asia and Latin America? Adding to the sense of gloom are events around the world in the last few years. High oil prices have benefited giant oil companies while hurting consumers. The giant British Petroleum (BP) oil spill reciprocated an environmental catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico. Japan’s Fuchsia earthquake and tsunami damaged several nuclear power plants, causing release of dangerous radioactive material across a large swath of territory. High agriculture commodity prices have raised the cost of food and increased levels of world hunger. Because there has been little progress in reducing reliance on fossil fuels, capping carbon emissions, or investing in alternative energy resources, the threat of catastrophic climate change looms larger. And wars in Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, and the Congo are destroying the livelihoods of millions of people. Hope on the Horizon? Is there only gloom and doom around the globe? Surely, no! As we discuss in Chapter 13, emerging powers such as China, India, Brazil, and Russia have dramatically reduced poverty in the last fifteen years and made it possible for hundreds 4 Chapter 1 of millions of people to Join the middle class. Fortunately, they continued to grow at a fairly robust pace after 2007; more Jobs, investment, and consumption in these countries helped keep the rest to the world trot tailing into a deeper recession. Of most of the last decade, sub-Sahara Africa has also grown surprisingly fast, thanks n part to high prices for oil and commodities exports. And the European Union won the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize, a reminder that?despite its serious economic and social problems today?the community has advanced the causes of â€Å"peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights† for more than sixty years. Along with these rays of hope are three interrelated global developments that merit discussion at the beginning of this textbook because they are profoundly shaping the international political economy: the Arab Spring, the European sovereign debt crisis, and the Occupy Wall Street (SOWS) movement. Taking place on three different continents since 2011, they have shaken political institutions and spurred waves of political protests in response to a variety of social and economic ills. None of us knows how these momentous developments will play out, but we can be sure that they will affect our daily lives and pocketbooks for many years. Each is a double- edged sword: a potential harbinger of positive change and a potential foreshadowing of worse yet to come. In other words, each development can either help lead to a more stable, prosperous world in which human security is better guaranteed or ender divisions within and between societies wider than before so that cooperative relations and a fairer distribution of resources remain ever more elusive goals. You read "International Political Economy" in category "Papers" The Arab Spring took the world by surprise?a reminder that social scientists still do not have good tools to predict when and why large-scale changes will occur in complex socio-political systems. On December 17, 2010, a Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouzouki set himself on fire in reaction to harassment by police officers. His death sparked street demonstrations that brought down the Tunisian government one month later. Protests spread like wildfires to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa. After eighteen days of mass demonstrations, Egypt authoritarian president Hosting Embark resigned on February 11, 2011, replaced by a military council. On February 15, residents of Bengali, Libya, rose up against the regime of Miramar Qaeda. Following months of NATO bombing and rebel fighting, Qaeda was killed on October 20, 2011, and a National Transitional Council took power. The dramatic political protests?which captivated television viewers and Twitter-feed followers around the world?created an opportunity for a number of Arab countries o Join the community of democratic nations. Yet the crackdown in Syria showed the world how determined some authoritarian leaders in the Middle East are to remain in power?even at the expense of killing tens of thousands of their own citizens. With the genie of Arab political opposition out of the bottle, countries in the Middle East and North Africa are rapidly changing. Fortunately, high oil prices and a return to relative stability in many places could improve conditions in 2013. Along with the Arab Spring came President Barack Beam’s withdrawal of all U. S. Troops from Iraq at the end of 2011. An ignominious end to an imperial endeavor, the withdrawal seemed to signal that the U. S. Public was no longer willing to pay for wars that drain the public treasury. President Obama refocused U. S. Policy on fighting against the Taliban in Afghanistan and ratcheting up pressure on Iran to abandon its effort to develop nuclear weapons. Many analysts believe that Beam’s decisions reveal a significant weakening of U. S. Influence in the Middle East. Perhaps to counteract this decline, Obama decided to bolster the American military presence in the Pacific by cultivating ties with countries afraid of China’s rise and attaching 2,500 troops permanently in northern Australia beginning in November 2011. A second development?the European sovereign debt crisis?relentlessly gathered steam after 2010 in the face of a prolonged recession that made it hard for some countries to pay back huge loans to domestic and foreign banks. European Union leaders had hoped to contain the debt problems in Greece and Ireland, but governments in Spain and Portugal also began to have trouble raising new money by issuing new government bonds. All four countries in 2012 had to get financial bailouts in exchange for adopting painful government spending cuts that contributed o high unemployment. Even with help from the European Central Bank, these countries have dire conditions that threaten the stability of the European financial system. Rupee’s responses to its debt crisis have stimulated widespread social unrest. Severe austerity measures have spawned street protests throughout the continent and brought changes of government in Greece, Italy, and Spain. Some EX. leaders and analysts believe that the crisis will spur European countries to form closer ties, while others foresee the death of the Euro and the prospect of national bankruptcies as some countries refuse to pay back onerous loans. If problems worsen in France and Italy, the EX. could unravel economically, causing another deep global recession. The crisis is forcing Germany to decide if it is willing to share the costs of making the EX. stronger, or if it will pursue its purely national interests. The outcomes will likely cause changes in Rupee’s traditionally generous social programs and in Rupee’s influence in the world. A third development started as an anti-wall Street protest in New York City’s Cutting Park on September 17, 2011. Two weeks later, the Occupy Wall Street movement had quickly spread to many major U. S. Ties, tit encampments and â€Å"general assemblies† in public spaces. Similar â€Å"occupations† occurred in Europe, Israel, Chile, and Australia. Although the majority of participants in the SOWS social movement have been students, union workers, progressive activists, and the unemployed, their ideas seemed to resonate with a significant number of the middle class. Calling themselves the â€Å"99%† (in contrast to the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans), SOWS protestors criticized financial institutions, condemned Wall Street greed, and called for a reduction of corporate control over the democratic process. Although SOWS encampments disappeared, the movement kook up new campaigns in 2012, including efforts to stop home foreclosures and reduce student debt. What do these three developments have in common? While each has its own causes, the protestors collectively represent a reaction to corrupt government and growing inequality. In three large regions?the Middle East, Europe, and North America?movements sought protection from financial and cultural globalization that left people feeling at the mercy of market forces. In many cases, protestors felt that they were unfairly forced to bail out the wealthy but denied a chance to snare many o governments 6 s to previous growth. Austerity policies that many had adopted since 2008?and even earlier in the Arab countries?cut into a host of public social programs such as education and relief for the poor. Many disgruntled citizens disagreed with their leaders, who argued that such reductions were necessary to reduce the size of government, balance national budgets, and stimulate economic recovery. While Arabs claimed a political voice that had been squashed by decades of dictatorial rule, Americans and Europeans seemed to demand a new kind of politics freed from the grip of special interests and big money. In all three cases, elites who were supposed to be the experts on political and financial affairs suddenly were at a loss to explain why things had gotten so bad under their watch. With a loss of faith in Arab regimes, EX. leaders, and U. S. Bankers came a certain â€Å"denationalization† of ruling ideologies such as economic liberalism. A new emphasis was placed on democratic participation and economic fairness. Despite a new zeitgeist in the air in three continents, old political and economic institutions were still resilient. Many regimes held firm in the Middle East. American banks grew even egger after government bailouts, and more money than ever poured into the campaign war chests of Democratic and Republican political candidates. EX. political elites continued to make deals that seemed designed to save big investors and banks rather than ordinary citizens. The alternatives to the old did not always promise a better future, either. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, Psalmists like Egypt new president Mohamed Moors’ made their own undemocratic power grabs, seeking to impose religiously conservative policies and weaken women’s rights. Reactions against austerity in Europe strengthened extreme right-wing parties in Greece and France while fueling anti-E or secessionist sentiments in the United Kingdom and Catalonia. And by refusing to organize and engage in â€Å"normal† politics, the SOWS forces dissipated?leaving normal two-party gridlock in Washington after the November 2012 elections. The Road Ahead By discussing above the three big developments, as well as the problems and promises in the global economy, we have hopefully given you a sense of some of the important phenomena we seek to understand in international political economy. Not unsurprisingly, there are fierce debates about the causes of current crises and the best solutions to them. One of the arguments we make in this text is that to adequately describe and explain the current global financial crisis?or any of the other issues covered in the different chapters?we must use an analytical approach that synthesizes methods and insights derived from economics, political science, and sociology as conditioned by an understanding to history and philosophy. As you delve deeper into the material, you will learn a variety of theories and analytical tools that help us interpret the interrelationships of the state, market, and society in different nations. The PIP method bridges different academic disciplines to better explain employ, real-world problems that span physical and intellectual boundaries. While this statement might sound a bit formal and confusing at this point, keep in mind that we do not think you need to be an economics major, a specialist in finance, The What, Why, and How of International Political Economy or a Middle East expert to understand the basic parameters of the global financial crisis or the Arab Spring. This book is written for students who have limited background in political science, economics, or sociology, as well as for those who want to review an assortment of topics in preparation for graduate school. In the next section, we look at how to study PIP?its three distinct analytical perspectives and a number of methodological issues with which PIP students should become acquainted. All the chapters in the book cover important theoretical and Policy issues that have connections to the three developments we have mentioned?and to many more. In this way, we hope students might better understand different dimensions of the problems and then make some reasoned Judgments about how to solve them. Later in this chapter, we discuss the popular phenomenon of globalization as a way o introduce students to many of the political-economic conditions that led up to the global financial crisis. Many PIP experts have asserted that the economic liberal ideas behind globalization may have contributed to the crisis. Opinions differ, however, on whether or not the crisis signals the end of laissez-fairer economic policies, or even the end of capitalism itself. He what, why, and how of International Political economy Our discussion of the financial crisis and its consequences makes clear that today’s complex issues can no longer be easily analyzed and understood by using any single et of disciplinary methods and concepts. Those who study PIP are, in essence, breaking down the analytical and conceptual boundaries between politics, ec onomics, and sociology to produce a unique explanatory framework. Following are several examples of questions that traditional academic disciplines might ask as they seek to explain the global financial crisis. Each discipline focuses on different actors and interests: International Relations: How much has the financial crisis detracted from the ability of states to pay for military defense? How has the crisis affected the conditions of war or terrorism in poor states? As Europe, Japan, and the United States struggle, will emerging countries like China, India, and Brazil gain more political influence in international institutions? International Economics: How has the crisis impacted foreign investment, international trade, and the values of different currencies? Comparative Politics: What is the capability of political institutions within different nations to respond to the needs of the unemployed? What new political forces are emerging and with what effects on political coalitions? Sociology: How has the crisis affected consumption trends for different groups such as the upper, middle, and rower classes? How do the effects of inequality vary on the basis of ethnicity and gender? Anthropology: How have different societies in history dealt with crises related to how they allocate scarce resources? And how have these crises impacted their cultures, values, and societal norms? 8 Focusing on a narrow range of methods and issues enhances intellectual specialization and analytical efficiency. But any single discipline offers an incomplete explanation of global events. Specialization promotes a sort of scholarly blindness or distorted view that comes from using only one set of analytical methods and incepts to explain what most decidedly is a complex problem that could benefit from a multidisciplinary perspective. When defining PIP, we make a distinction between the term â€Å"international political economy’ and the acronym PIP. The former refers to what we study?commonly referred to as a subject area or field of inquiry that involves tensions among states, markets, and societal actors. In this text, we tend to focus on a variety of actors and issues that are either â€Å"international† (between nation-states) or â€Å"transnational† (across the national borders of two or more states). Increasingly today, any analysts use the term â€Å"global political economy’ instead of â€Å"international political economy’ to explain problems such as climate change, hunger, and illicit markets that have spread over the entire world, and not Just a few nations. In this book, we often use these two terms interchangeably. The acronym PIP also connotes a method of inquiry that is multidisciplinary. PIP fashions the tools of analysis of its antecedent disciplines so as to more accurately describe and explain the ever- changing relationships between governments, businesses, and social forces across history and in different geographical areas. What are some of the central elements of the antecedent melds to study that contribute to IP 7 First, PIP includes a political dimension that accounts for the use of power by a variety of actors, including individuals, domestic groups, states (acting as single units), international organizations, nongovernmental organizations (Nags), and transnational corporations (Tens). All these actors make decisions about the distribution of tangible things such as money and products or intangible things such as security and innovation. In almost all cases, politics involves the making of rules pertaining to owe states and societies achieve their goals. Another aspect of politics is the kind of public and private institutions that have the authority to pursue different goals. Second, PIP involves an economic dimension that deals with how scarce resources are distributed among individuals, groups, and nation-states. A variety of public and private institutions allocate resources on a day-to-day basis in local markets where we shop. Today, a market is not Just a place where people go to buy or exchange something face to face with the product’s maker. The market can also be thought of as a driving force that shapes human behavior. When consumers buy things, when investors purchase stocks, and when banks lend money, their dependability transactions constitute a vast, sophisticated web of relationships that coordinate economic activities all over the world. Political scientist Charles Limbo makes an interesting case that the economy is actually nothing more than a system for coordinating social behavior! What people eat, their occupation, and even what they do when not working are all organized around different agricultural, labor, and relaxation markets. In effect, markets often perform a social function of â€Å"coordination without a coordinator. L Third, the works of such notables as Charles Limbo and economists Robert Hellbender and Lester Throw help us realize that PIP does not reflect enough the societal dimension of different international problems. 2 A growing number of PIP scholars argue that states and markets do not exist in a social vacuum. There are usually many different social groups within a state that share identities, norms, and associations based on tribal ties, ethnicity, religion, or gender. Likewise, a variety of transnational groups (referred to as global civil society) have interests that cut across national boundaries. A host of Nags have attempted to pressure national and international organizations on issues such as climate change, refugees, migrant workers, and gender-based exploitation. All of these groups are purveyors of ideas that potentially generate tensions between them and other groups but play a major role in shaping global behavior. How to Study PIP: Contrasting Perspectives and Methodologies The three dominant perspectives of PIP are economic liberalism, mercantilism, and structuralism. Each focuses on the relationships between a variety of actors and institutions. A strict extinction between these perspectives is quite arbitrary and has been imposed by disciplinary tradition, at times making it difficult to appreciate their connections to one another. Each perspective emphasizes different values, actors, and solutions to Policy problems but also overlooks some important elements highlighted by the other two perspectives. Economic liberalism (particularly unilateralism?see Chapter 2) is most closely associated with the study of markets. Later we will explain why there is an increasing gap between orthodox economic liberals (Eels), who champion free arrests and free trade, and heterodox interventionist liberals (Hills), who support more state regulation and trade protection to sustain markets. Increasingly, Hills have stressed that markets work best when they are embedded in (connected to) society and when the state intervenes to resolve problems that markets alone cannot handle. In fact, many Hills acknowledge that markets are the source of many of these problems. Many liberal values and ideas are the ideological foundation of the globalization campaign. They are derived from notable thinkers such as Adam Smith, David Richard, John Maynard Keynes, Frederica Hayes, and Milton Friedman. The laissez-fairer principle, that the state should leave the economy alone, is attributed to Adam Smith. 3 More recently, economic liberal ideas have been associated with former president Ronald Reagan and his acolytes, who contended that economic growth is best achieved when the government severely limits its involvement (interference) in the economy. Under pure market conditions (I. E. , the absence of state intervention or social influences), people are assumed to behave â€Å"rationally’ (see Chapter 2). 10 That is, they will naturally seek to maximize their gains and limit their losses when reducing and selling things. They have strong desires to exchange and to generate wealth by competing with others for sales in local and international markets. According to Eels, people should strongly value economic efficiency? the ability to use and distribute resources effectively and with little waste. Why is efficiency so important? When an economy is inefficient, scarce resources go unused or could be used in other ways that would be more beneficial to society. This idea has been applied to the new global economy and is one of the basic principles behind globalization. Mercantilism (also called economic nationalism) is most closely associated with the political philosophy of realism, which focuses on state efforts to accumulate wealth and power to protect society from physical harm or the influence of other states (see Chapters 3 and 9). In theory, the state is a legal entity and an autonomous system of institutions that governs a specific geographic territory and a â€Å"nation. † Since the mid-seventeenth century, the state has been the dominant actor in the international community based on the principle that it has the authority to exercise sovereignty (final authority) over its own affairs. States use two types of power to protect themselves. Hard power refers to tangible military and economic assets employed to compel, coerce, intelligence, tend tot, or death enemies and competitors. Soft power comprises selective tools that reflect and project a country cultural values, beliefs, and ideals. Through the use of movies, cultural exports and exchanges, information, and diplomacy, a state can convince others that the ideas it sponsors are legitimate and should be adopted. Soft power can in many ways be more effective than hard power because it rests on persuasion and mutual exchange. For example, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Barack Obama partly regained some of the world’s support for the United States through a discourse emphasizing multilateral cooperation. Structuralism is rooted in Marxist analysis but not limited to it (see Chapter 4). It looks at PIP issues mainly in terms of how different social classes are shaped by the dominant economic structure. It is most closely associated with the methods of analysis many sociologists employ. Structuralisms emphasize that markets have never existed in a social vacuum. Some combination of social, economic, and political forces establishes, regulates, and preserves them. As we will see in the case of the financial crisis, even the standards used to Judge the effectiveness of market systems reflect the dominant values and beliefs of those forces. The Benefits of PIP Each perspective in PIP sheds light on some aspects of a problem particularly well, but casts a shadow on other important aspects. By using a combination of the three dominant PIP methods and concepts (outlined in Table 1-1), we can move to the big picture?the most comprehensive and compelling explanation of global processes. Not surprisingly, mixing together the disciplines of economics, political science, and sociology gives rise to an analytical problem: It is difficult to establish a single explanation to any PIP issue because each discipline has its own set of analytical concepts, core beliefs, and methodologies. Does this weaken the utility of PIP? Not at all. We must recognize that PIP is not a â€Å"hard science†; it may never table 1-1 Conflicting Political economic Perspectives about state-market relations in Capitalist societies Monetarism (Orthodox Economic Liberals) Main Ideas about Capitalism â€Å"Laissez-fairer†; minimal state intervention and regulation of the economy Keynesian (Heterodox Interventionist Economic Liberals) The state primes (injects money? liquidity) into the economy to restore confidence in it and to stabilize it Efficiency mixed with a variety of state political and social objectives Developmental State Model (Mercantilism) Socialism (Structuralism) Social Democracy (Structuralism) The state plays a proactive role in the economy to guide and protect its major industries The state controls the economy. Prices set by state officials. Emphasis on state How to cite International Political Economy, Papers

Leadership Skills and Affect of Human Behaviour †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Skills and Affect of Human Behaviour. Answer: Introduction: Leadership skills plays major role in the leadership style and quality of a person (Northouse, 2015). In order to operate any organization, it is important for a person to possess some key skills that can work as his strength to perform his role and responsibility in an appropriate manner (Nahavandi, 2016). The following article has concentrated on my leadership skills. The article is based on self-assessment. It has highlighted various aspects of human nature that play crucial role in shaping up their behaviour and attitude. It has discussed about the affect of human behaviour on the relationships and work performance. Self-Assessment: According to me, I am not an extrovert. At the same time, I have the capabilities to raise my voice against any unlawful practice. I face difficulties while sharing my viewpoint in front of many people, but I feel comfortable with my near and dear ones. Although, I take some time to open up with other members of a team, but I am able to communicate with everyone. Moreover, having good listening skill is necessary for leadership ability development (Antonakis 2017). I allow people to speak first and try to understand their point of view. It helps me to observe the mindset of the others and helps to take efficient decisions as well. I think I have enough patience to overcome and hurdles. I do not give up easily. This quality has helped me to overcome many challenges in my life. During my childhood, I was severely sick during my final exam of my school. My physician did not allow me to take preparation for the exam. However, keeping hope high always even in critical situation is needed in leadership (Bolman Deal 2017). I did not lose hope and decided to take preparation for the exam. At last, I scored good marks in exam by my determination. I believe determination, hard work is the key for success, and I am always ready to work hard to achieve my desired goal. As stated by Fairhurst Connaughton (2014), leadership skills also a test of personality and emotional development of a person. However, sometime I face several issues due to my temperament, but I try to keep calm as long as possible and try to resolve issues without losing my nerves. My Perception vs. Others Perception: Other persons perception about me with whom I have discussed about my perception is not highly different from my perception. I have shared my perception about myself with childhood friend. He also possesses same view about my personality like me. He also thinks that my patience level is high and do not give up easily without trying. Perception in leadership is about interpreting the experiences as one sees an incident (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2013). According to him, I face some issues to interact with any person for the first time, but it becomes easy for me with time, which leads me to face many difficulties sometime. While working within a new team, new employees often hesitate to start any conversation with teammates and team leaders as well, however it is significant to understand the perception (Renko et al. 2015). Eventually, they become my friends and I share my opinion and feelings with them freely. He believes, I should work on my communication skills to interact with new people around me, as it will enhance my confident level and it will motivate me to participate in conversation with strangers. On the other hand, according to my friend, I must maintain my patience level, as it will be helpful to manage any team or any organization. As opined by Ward (2016), having the right perception is important and it shows the leadership skills. He believes that leaders must have patience to deal with various people who belong to different background and different culture. Thus, according to him, I am able to listen to other people and convince them according to my point of view, which helps me to connect with people. He thinks it works as my major strength that can support my leadership qualities. In understanding the honesty and commitment of a person are qualities of leadership (Tourish 2014). He also shares same thought with me that it is not difficult for me to convert my thought into words but I face obstacles to share my thought in front of strangers. T hus, ha has suggested me to practice these things to overcome any future obstacles. The Impact of My Style on My Relation: It is often evident that humans nature put significant impact on his or her working style and his or her relationship with people surrounded by him. In this scenario, my style of working also affects the people around me. They often influenced by my patience level and hard working capabilities. Positive attitude and creativity are important for an employee (Strom, Sears Kelly 2014). While working as a team, it is important to for every team to observe the best qualities of each other and adopt those qualities. My teammates often get motivated to work as a team to achieve the common goal. Eventually, it puts remarkable impact on the performance of our team as well. However, it is often told to me that I need to be vocal in front of strangers as well and I shall not feel uncomfortable while sharing my views. Being a good listener, I have the capabilities to build a strong bonding with people around me. Thus, it plays major role while working within a team. I share a healthy bonding wi th my teammates and other people around me. My fellow workers often appreciate me for raising voice against any unlawful practices. It helps me to gain trust of my teammates and relatives. They believe in me and feel free to share their issues and challenges from which they are suffering. It strengthens the bonding between my co-workers and me. As I always try to cooperate with my teammates and support them to perform, which helps me to earn reputation in my group. On the other hand, as I try my level best to support to my relatives, friends and close ones to overcome many hindrances, they always expect me to by their side and I always receive many appreciation, love and care from my close ones which plays major role to boost up my motivation. According to my relatives, I have all the potential to overcome major challenges, which helps me to gain appreciation and trust from my close ones and fellow workers. Analysis: In order to lessen my weaknesses, I need to focus on my strengths. I believe, it is not enough to discuss about the flaws. To overcome those flaws one must concentrate on own strength and try to enhance it. It will be beneficial to resolve many issues. To overcome weakness of communication with strangers, I must practice communicating with other people and must socialize often. It will be beneficial to increase the communication skills. I must participate in the group discussion and discuss about various issues with new people often. My listening skills will work in this field. I can communicate and involve in the discussion and influence people by my skill. My hardworking skill will never allow me to give up. Thus, it will be helpful to enhance my skills to share my opinion in front of others. My leadership skills and plan can be used in my workplace to guide my team towards the right path. I can motivate them to work as a team to achieve the organizational goal. Conclusion: As per the discussion, it can be stated that communication plays major role in the leadership skills. Thus, one needs to enhance this skill to become an effective and efficient leader. Along with communication, one must focus on other skills as well, such as- hard work, patience and so on. References: Antonakis, J. (2017).The nature of leadership. London: Sage publications. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Fairhurst, G. T., Connaughton, S. L. (2014). Leadership: A communicative perspective.Leadership,10(1), 7-35. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., McKee, A. (2013).Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Nahavandi, A. (2016).The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Sydney: Pearson. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. London: Sage publications. Renko, M., El Tarabishy, A., Carsrud, A. L., Brnnback, M. (2015). Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style.Journal of Small Business Management,53(1), 54-74. Strom, D. L., Sears, K. L., Kelly, K. M. (2014). Work engagement: The roles of organizational justice and leadership style in predicting engagement among employees.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,21(1), 71-82. Tourish, D. (2014). Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory.Leadership,10(1), 79-98. Ward, J. (2016).Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Berlin: Springer.