International Communication Focusing on Fifa 2014

Vuvuzelas sound and it fills the stadiums with a noise that is still heard anchor ring in the ears of millions mean solar days later, even months after it has ended. The everywherewhelming feeling of warmth spreads with the veins of all(prenominal) unmatchable observance and those on the edge of their seats just waiting for the following goal to be scored, determining who wins the world cup and takes home the famous gold FIFA cosmos loving cup Trophy. The realness transfuse is a tournament that comes every four social classs and lasts a month long with tournaments every day from June 13th- July 13th The origi terra firma Cup brings in a whirlwind of excitement and emotions.This victorious resultant exit be held in brazil-nut tree in the year of 2014 only in the lead June 13th hits, on that point is a massive sum total of planning to be done. With all the preparations leading up to the World Cup we result capture the trials and tribulations through the eyes of fou r local anaesthetics in Rio de Janeiro. First, we provide film one year before hand and capture everyday sustenance without the World Cup. We provide take a look at how Brazilians live their lives on a day to day basis without the chaos and media assistance of the detail.We will do this by following four individuals, interviewing them about how they feel about the World Cup and how it is impact their daily routine. Our second round of take will place our crews with the same four peole on the day of the first game in Rio de Janeiro. The World Cup takes the world by storm every four years. While in America, association football has just recently gained a large following, it has been a way of life for generations in numerous countries throughout the world. We can identify with this phenomenon reasonably if we relate it to the impact of the Olympics when they were held in Atlanta, Georgia in 1996.An event of this scale becomes all-consuming and places the metropolis and king dom under a worldwide microscope. The World Cup produces a whirlwind of excitement with years of preparation that costs and generates millions of dollars. some sports in America live a strong following and fan-base, but nonhing can real be comp bed to that of soccer overseas. Countries such(prenominal) as Mexico, Spain and Brazil look at soccer, its players, and the games, as a way of life. Brazil especially has been known for its talented and renowned soccer (futebol) team throughout the years and they have won five World Cups.From the outdoors looking in, Brazil has been known as one of the powerhouses, if non the powerhouse of soccer worldwide. The fact that FIFA and all of the new(prenominal) governing and deciding bodies have chosen to place the World Cup 2014 in Brazil generates further excitement, but also places this country under close watch from viewers worldwide. As we see with the World Cup 2010 in South Africa, a country can be drastically altered and affected by such a big event. We want to establish this documental to shed light on the impacts, trials and jubilation of such an incredible event.While many see the benefits of hosting such an event, in that respect be plenty of drawbacks as well. We want to create an in-depth look of this phenomenon, the World Cup, and show also how it affects the country that is producing the event. So much goes on behind the scenes and many lives are impacted, whether negatively or positively. By following four real people with everyday jobs and average, ruler lives, we hope to inform the public of the on-goings of the preparation for the World Cup, as well as how individual lives are impacted. We want to follow four people a ticket scalper, police officer, a fan and a route vendor.Through this we hope to achieve a more individual(prenominal) view of such an immensely grand event. We want to inform the public of the preparations involved in the World Cup as well as the madness that ensues once it all begins. We will chronicle this massive worldwide soccer tournament through the eyes of normal everyday Rio de Janeiro citizens in the attempt to show a real-life perspective of a fantastical and media-centric event. While there are documentaries aplenty, ours is unique in that it shows the impact on a country and its citizens, something many viewers of the World Cup never consider.By creating a personal and impactful narrative that comments on scotch repercussions, nationalism and pride, we hope to appeal to viewers who want to see a cultural view of soccer that has never before been created. Nicknamed Cidade Maravilhosa Lusitanian for marvelous city Rio de Janeiro conjures many images including Ipanema Beach and the famous Cristo Redentor statue atop Corcovado Mountain. But in 2014, one of the most important global sporting events, the World Cup, will arrive in Brazil where soccer or futebol as they know it is the lifeblood of the culture.After FIFA announced Brazil as the hosts of the 2014 World Cup on October 30, 2007, a different mark of images would materialize for the population of Rio de Janeiro. Once upon a time it was the site of the final match of the 19 50 World Cup in Maracana Stadium. Uruguay came from behind to cleave its host 2-1, even though Brazil was heavily favored after eliminating previous opponents Spain and Sweden. Since then, Rio de Janeiro has been home to some of Brazils most popular soccer clubs Botafogo, Fluminense, Vasco da Gama and Flamengo.With a past and present such as this, tensions and expectations will undoubtedly be high, especially where soccer is so inter-meshed with their culture. Choosing to film in Rio de Janeiro will capture much of this drama associated with the World Cup as we follow our four subjects the police officer, the fan, the passage vendor and the ticket scalper. In general, we want to keep on the area surrounding Maracana Stadium as our locus of interest, but this isnt necessarily realisti c. The subjects have dynamic lives each and every day, especially as the World Cup draws closer, so it may be difficult to remain under the shadow of the venue.As each subject travels through different areas of the city, the camera crews will have to make critical judgment calls about when to uncap the lens. Our film crews can expect to capture the best footage in some of Rio de Janeiros most excite sites. The city is known for its soccer, tourism, night life and beaches, but we will want to focus on the North Zone. It contains several neighborhoods and important tourist attractions, including our primary filming location, Maracana Stadium, which is located in the Tijuca neighborhood.It is home to many of the middle class residents and also the lower class favelas, which are crime-ridden neighborhoods filled with poorly built shanties. Our police officer will certainly be answering calls from this poor section of Rio de Janeiro where our ticket scalper is a resident. Our street ve ndor and soccer fan will also be residents of the Rio North Zone. It is there in the North Zone that we will want to follow each of our characters into their homes. Once inside their homes, our camera crews can film the effect of the World Cup on the Brazilian household unit.We will discover just how the home family life is transformed both demographically and psycho-graphically. Questions can be answered such as a) Has new disposable income, as provided by the World Cups economic opportunities, increased the familys standpointard of living? b) Has Brazilian pride in its national sport entered the home life? c) Has the importance of home security changed collect to the hysteria associated with the World Cup? Once these questions are answered, a more complete view of the character is revealed and analyzed by the audience. Another set of important sites will be public centers for transportation.The primary modes of transportation are by municipal train and bus lines since driving b y car is very difficult. Due to a great deal of highway congestion, cars often depart at a snail-like pace. Important themes will manifest themselves as we travel to and from each location. These places, which are usually replete with a colorful culture, will be amplified in the presence of the World Cup. The objective will actively connect the dots between Brazils national pride and their national sport at these various locations. The Maracana Stadium will be the most important site.There we will capture each of our characters paths intersecting outside and inside the venue. The fan will obviously be destined for the stadium itself the street vendor will set up keep going as close to the stadium as doable so as to snag the most consumers as possible and the policeman will have critical interactions with the ticket scalper, who will be acting against the law. Many memorable characters exist in a documentary just like any other genre of film. The goal is to capture reality but th ere is no need to move away from the act of story telling.The idea behind the characters of our documentary is that they are all connected through each other by the duties they perform throughout the documentary.. Our first character to appear is the police officer. Juan Sminho is 38 and works for the Rio de Janeiro tourist police. He performs regular policing in the streets of Rio by assisting tourists and pointing them in the proper direction to where they are headed. Juan also performs similar duties to what the united states police soldiers does but he is not as involved with crime as our police forces are. He lives on the north side in a two bedroom apartment with his wife and brother.He does not come from a wealthy family but did inherit some from his parents when they were murdered 10 years ago in a robbing which pushed him to become part of the Brazil police force to keep things like that from happening to other families. He will show the audience what it is like in everyda y life as a tourist officer, then there will be a dramatic change of pace a year later on the chaotic streets of Rio where his duties are truly put to the test with all the tourist in town for the World Cup games. Juans duties will be to perform crowd control, assist tourists and attempt out ticket scalpers this is a highly illegitimate offense in Brazil.Most everyone has seen a ticket scalper before, but if not, they are the ones that stand on the corners of concert/sport venues and sell those last minute tickets needed for the fans. Ticket scalping is very illegal in Brazil and punishable by jail time, but that does not stop our scalper from risking it all for some extra cash. We will follow Gustavo Silva, a thirty-four year old Rio native who has never left the North region. He works as a ticket scalper primarily, but during the slow months tries to make ends meet by helping out at his parents modest fruit stand in the outskirts of Rio.The popularity of soccer as a sport, parti cularly in Brazil, directly effects his livelihood and well-being. Seeing Gustavo in his element both before and during the World Cup will create a dynamic story for the viewers. Viewers will identify with Gustavos endearing and persuasive personality because of his hard-working attitude. Ticket scalping just became illegal in Brazil, which is obviously a threat for Gustavo. The documentary will show the discrepancies in this law as it is not seriously enforced until the World Cup in 2014. The effects of this on Gustavo will prove to be detrimental.With money being tight and having to find work wherever possible, some residents of Rio do not have a choice. Our team has high hopes for our scalper that he will sell a ticket to our next character, the fan. What is a team without its fans similar to a prepare without bread. A sandwich does not exist without bread much like a team would be nowhere without fans. Soccer fans have been seen taking their fandom to the extreme, but the more extreme it is, the more the team feels honored and welcome. Brazil soccer fans are famous throughout the world for their enthusiasm and carnival atmosphere at the World Cup.Many soccer managers will often claim that soccer fans can act as an extra man or the infamous twelfth Man and this is certainly the case when Brazil plays in front of over 100,000 soccer fans at the famous Maracana Stadium. The fans are not always as adjunct though, in fact, they can be rather harsh. This was shown when the team came home after the 2006 world cup without a win, according to Kevin McNally of E-zine Articles. We hope to capture all this excitement while following around our dedicated fan, if Brazil loses then it is possible that our film gets even more interesting with the outrage that the country will have on them.Choosing a fan for our documentary was tough but we have found one who truly shows the spirit needed to connect with our audience. Paulo Cardoso is originally from Rio and lived there until he was 18. Once old enough, he moved to the United States to attend college but soon wanted to return to his home country after graduating. Paulo is a business major but is currently working at his parents coffee shop as a manager to help them out. He is 28 and has been an devouring(prenominal) futebol fan since he was born, according to him.Every four years he gathers around the big screens in Rio to watch Brazil triumph, or try to, over their competitors. He will take us through the festivals in Rio including Fan Fest Rio 2014. His grandfather attended the World Cup in 1950 when it was last held in Brazil followed by the World Cup in 1978 held in Argentina and this time Paulos father went alongside. Paulo has been saving as much money as he can to be able to hold the tickets that so many others strive to have. He does not plan on buying a ticket before the games due to hopefully cheaper prices on game day.He will be a huge help on guiding us around Rio due to our unfamilia rity to the city. Paulo brings to the documentary the familiar language of English but with the Brazilian traditions that we could all stand to learn from. He as well as many other fans will interact with many people but as always, he will buy some form of merchandise from a street vendor before the game. This will allow for our fan and street vendor to interact with one another. There will be a numerous amount of street vendors trying to sell anything they have that represents the world renowned Brazil Futebol Team.Our film crews will follow around one vendor who sets up shop close to the stadium in hopes of catching the most business. Gearing up for the World Cup takes a lot of preparation, which is why it is imperative that we catch her one year before hand before she starts ordering merchandise and preparing for the mass amounts of fans to flood the city of Rio. Claudia Trigoso, 26, lives in the favelas in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Under normal circumstances Claudia deal s with irregular employment due to his low socioeconomic standing, but the arrival of the World Cup will give her the opportunity to transform her situation.She has utilize to Eurosport catalog to sell some of their merchandise near Maracana stadium. Soon, with the proper licenses, she will be cleared by Rios municipal administrators to set up in this area. Claudia hopes she can make enough profit to start a business of her own after the World Cup and its excitement wane. With this in mind, she might someday have the opportunity to move out of the North Zone favelas into a safer, more affluent neighborhood where she hopes to start a family of her own.In addition to play up the changes from life before the World Cup to life uring the tournament from the perspective of our four main characters, our camera crew will venture out into the streets and local pubs. Our crew will conduct first-hand interviews with everyday citizens to get a better grasp on the impact of the World Cup on th e people of Rio. The filming crew will ask the public questions pertaining to how the World Cup has economically impacted their businesses, their transportation around the city, and whether or not they will be watching or attending the World Cup. There are many components that go into making a documentary outside of the characters, locations and themes.While the overarching themes will make a large impact on our viewers, the intricate details disbursed throughout the film will contribute drastically to the overall feel of the documentary. Throughout the documentary our characters and locations will be introduced using typewriter text as it is typed across a blank screen. The segments will not necessarily be rigidly formatted but the characters will be introduced as they fall into place in the documentary. Aside from the interviews included in our film it will primarily remain in the observational category of documentary film making.By taking a third-party neutral approach to the fil m the audience will get a realistic and personal view into the lives of the residents of Rio. Our documentary will take aim a large demographic due to the emotional and sports aspects as well as the excitement generated from the FIFA World Cup overall. We hope to target ages eighteen to fifty by placing this sixty minute documentary on a major network such as ABC. We initially contemplated airing the documentary on ESPN because of its sports focus, but eventually agreed that ABC would be the best choice.Not only is it a well-respected major network, but our aim is to capture the World Cup viewers for our documentary. By airing Joga Bonito on the network that is already broadcasting all of the World Cup games, we will grab the attention of the avid soccer fans who will hopefully already be watching ABC (the World Cup games will be used as somewhat of a lead-in for our documentary). In order to generate even more viewers, we will air advertisements throughout the month of the World C up tournament to create buzz and excitement. Throughout this month, the public will have plenty of time to hear and read about our documentary.The documentary Joga Bonito will air as a prime-time special a few days before the World Cup finals. The title of our documentary, Joga Bonito, is meant to evoke the spirit and essence of soccer and of Brazil. This term is Portuguese for The Beautiful plot which is commonly used to describe Association football, also known as futebol or soccer. When soccer was originally created and rules were formally established, it was referred to as The Simplest Game. This eventually evolved into The Beautiful Game, or Joga Bonito, when a famous Brazilian player named Pele named his biography The Beautiful Game.Because this term is now widely used when referring to the sport of soccer, and because of its root and foundations in the country of Brazil, we saw Joga Bonito as a fitting title for our documentary. Joga Bonito will, as previously stated, offer to its viewers a chat of national identity and the impact of the World Cup on the citizens of Brazil within the context of an emotional adventure through the streets of Rio. The juxtaposition of a personal look at the four characters and the mainstream international media event known as the World Cup will create a unique and powerful documentary.This design appeals to the masses because it addresses a worldwide event. Within this discourse, however, we visit the personal implications of such an event and the role of nationalism and pride within an international context. By incompatible life before the World Cup with life during one of the first games, the drastic cultural and societal changes that occur in preparation of such an event will be highlighted. The emotional appeal of this documentary will intrigue viewers while informing them of international life and the results of an event that thrusts a nation into the international spotlight.

Inspiration

However, security, trust and convenience argon among the major contending factors affecting the adoption of e- honorarium carcasss in Nigeria. This musical theme presents issues on the factors necessary to facilitate the phylogeny of PEPS Niger a and devise ways to enhance its adoption by enforcers. Keywords electronic stipend body, e-money, and e- allowance, Internet. 1. Introduction The worldwide proliferation of the Internet has led to the recent birth of electronic payment governance a payment service solution-software that enables monetary value to be takered digitally.Today, electronic payment system s flourishing due to the openness, speed, anonymity, digitization, and international accessibility characteristics of the Internet 1 2, which has facilitated real-time payment actions and the r business activities. In this paper, we considered some critical examinations on the existing payment structure in Nigeria. AY so reviewed, was different related literatures on e- payment system, and data from research reports. T chemical Journals, red-hotspapers, and magazines were likewise examined.. 2.A Brief Review of the General Payment System in Nigeria In a country like Nigeria, where almost eighty percent of TTS population rely on physical cash rather than electronic payment, it is not so simple Just for people and employers of labor, to consider and decide on the basis of equal and benefit of using e-payment systems 2. In the course of preparing this research, we had the opportunity of see hardly a(prenominal)/remote places to find out the perception of the people about electronic money. It was observed that most people have no common acquaintance about the Internet, let alone the existence of e-payments.People are quite far from all the CIT developments take Eng place in banking. What people know about banking is the use of physical cash for opposite and payment, but not electronic payments. The existing structure of the Nigerian payment system is fully based on conventional payment promoters of cash and cheeses 18. Even for large-value payments, like sale and purchase of land and building, people prefer physical cash rather than receiving any other configuration of payment. This also applies to the general popular Zion. In businesses, people prefer using cheeses and drafts.Thus, Apex Bank (Central Bank of Nigeria CAB) operates a clearing house, with many network centers for do queue clearing throughout the country. The clearing house renders revives to the outgrowth banks and financial institutions only. Generally, all the banks and financial institutions are members of the clearing house. 2. 1 Electronic Payment endeavor in Nigeria Electronic Payment initiative began recently in Nigeria. Not all the banks and FL uncial institutions are participating in the e-payment system 11. Although to date, most of the commercial I banks have engaged in providing some form of e-banking function.It is to be noted that not all of these institutions extend their e- banking facilities to their entire branch network. The e- payment services are mostly put forwardd in the capital city ND some bigger cities nationwide. As mentioned, the e-payment facilities available in Nigeria are Automated Teller apparatus (ATM) service, debit card, credit card, mobile banking and Internet banking 5. Intertwines Nigeria Ltd provides the switching and settlement facilities for trans actions performed on ATM and transact Nigh. Ltd provides mobile e-payment solutions switching and service provider.Banks purchased their software from different vendors to provide all these services to their customers. Authenticity, inter-operability, validity and confidence solely depend on the supplier of hat software 3. However, the central bank of Nigeria and the supervisory authority of the Nigerian financial system, has thus initiated steps towards the regulation of electronic payment cyst ms in Nigeria 2. Electronic payment system has al so experienced a lot of setback in recent years due to limited availability of ATM services 5.These machines are only made available to few bank branches and clients, while the demand for the card is higher than the services provided. Infrastructure and Information Technology (IT) constraints also contributed to some of the setbacks experienced (such as gig cost of internet connectivity, energy challenges, banks not fully automated, banks not ready for electronic payment services, and contentedness of people with the existing system because of lack of awareness on the benefit of the new technology 11. CICS. Reapers/locals-9-2-1-462-467. Dif Facilitating the adoption of e-payment systems theoretical constructs and empirical analysis Document Information Title analysis Author(s) Gives azans, (Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey), Guyana Binaural, (Brunet University, Submerged, I-J), Ray Hackney, (Brunet University, Submerged, I-J) reference book Gives azans, Guyana Binau ral, Ray Hackney, (2010) Facilitating the adoption of e- payment systems theoretical constructs and empirical analysis, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Volvo. 23 Sis 3, up. 05 325 Keywords Electronic commerce, Payments, Risk, Trust Article grapheme Research paper DOE 10. 1108/17410391011036085 (Permanent URL) Publisher Emerald Group Publishing Limited Abstract Purpose The emergence of online transactions, enabled through internet media, has led to an increase in the availability of electronic payment (e-payment) systems. This research aims to investigate, through theoretical constructs (technology acceptance model, theory of minded action) and an empirical analysis, the critical factors that whitethorn ensure consumer adoption of these facilities.Design/ methodology/ approach This research study mainly uses the deductive approach to consider secondary sources and primary data, where hypotheses have been actual in order to demonstrate the findings. An sign litera ture review revealed six issues that are considered critical for e-payment considerations. An anonymous and self- administered survey based on the research model was developed and e-mailed to he respondents. A aggregate of 1 55 questionnaires were coded and analyses using SAPS to analyses the hypotheses.Advances in information technology and changes in laws, institutions and regulations in some countries have encouraged the emergence of new payment instruments as well as the delivery and processing arrangements for small and large value, time critical payments. With e commerce now in the mainstream of economic activities, we can thus involve more major changes in the payment systems worldwide in the next atomic number 23 years than we have in the last five decades. Obviously, the e Philippines cannot escape from this sea change.This paper discusses key operational concepts involved in a payment system and describes the emerging payment systems in industrialized countries. This g ives ontogeny countries, like the Philippines, a preview of the likely evolution of their payment systems in the next few years as they deepen the integration of their economies with the rest of the world. The paper gives a detailed description of the existing payment system in the Philippines and disc uses innovations in payments media, oddly noncoms payment instruments, and facilities for the clearing and settlement of payments.Areas for improving the expertness and reducing risks in existing payment system have been identified. Developments in the payment system have implications for the beam of monetary policy. The second to the last discussion sectionalization of this paper, therefore, deals with this issue. In particular, it discusses specific payment system innovations, such as the switch to ARTS system m and use of electronic payments media, that can enhance or attenuate the effectiveness of traditional monetary tools. The last section presents some recommendations.Key words payment system electronic payment system credit transfer debit transfer electronic money transmission mechanism seignior queue clearing. President, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PITS). The author wishes to thank Dry. Vaccine Aldens, Jar. , member of the Monetary Board, and Mr.. Francisco P. Yap, Jar. , President of the Philippine Clearing House Corporation, for their insightful comments on the first draft of this paper. Thanks are also due to Mr.. Gill Olivarez Lime, Mr.. Francis vela, Mr.. Jerome A. Archangel, Mr.. Alton Offering, Ms. Carlisle Scintilla, and Mr..Joel A. ramous for sharing their insights on how the payment system in the Philippines operates. The author s grateful to Ms. Sharon Theta Vital, Ms. Merle Galvan and Ms. Juanita Deletion for their excellent assistance in preparing this paper. The usual disclaimer applies. 2 INTRODUCTION It is commonly known that a countrys infrastructure system determines to a large extent the efficiency of the eco nomy. In a modern economy, the payment system I s a major component of the countrys infrastructure system. Indeed, no country nowadays can afford to take its payment system for granted.Firms pay wages to their employees and purchase raw materials from their suppliers. In turn, they receive payments for the sale of their rodents and services. Consumers make payment transactions several times in a day. unneeded to say, value is transferred among participants in the economy every minute of the day, and it increases as the economy grows. The country s payment system, therefore, must be efficient so that pecuniary resource can quickly move among market participants for productive use, thereby promoting more activities in the economy. According to Humphrey et al. 2000), the resource cost of a nations payment sys tem can notice for 3 percent of its GAP. Modernizing a countrys payment system can certainly reduce that resource cost. Thus, while the country continues to spend on roads, bri dges, power supply, and so on , it must not neglect to invest in its payment system m to improve the efficiency of economy, in general, and the financial system, in particular. Through the years, payment systems have considerably changed as forms of payment have evolved from precious metals to currency and checks and recently to electro ionic payments.These changes have been made because of the need to facilitate voluminous transactions occurring in rapidly growing and increasingly more sophisticated economies. Customers naturally seek the most efficient payment teeth, while providers of payment services commonly seek the most profitable payments system. Advances in information technology and changes in laws, institutions and regulations in some countries have encouraged the emergence of new payment instruments as well as the delivery and processing arrangements for small and large value, time critical payments.With commerce now in the mainstream of economic activities, we can the refore expect more 3 major changes in the payment systems worldwide in the next five years than we have I n the last five decades. Obviously, the Philippines cannot escape from this sea change. Developments in the payment system have implications for the conduct of monetary policy. Well functioning financial markets can improve the effectiveness of Indore CT instruments of monetary policy because it is through these markets that the signal of monetary policy is transmitted to the intermediate and ultimate targets of the policy Monsoons et al. 998). The effective functioning of the financial market is, in turn, affected by the extent of the efficiency of the countrys payment system. Also, rapid innovations taking place in the countrys payment system can unpredictably alter the ameliorate for and supply of money, thereby affecting the effectiveness of convene national monetary tools. Monetary authorities, therefore, cannot afford to be indifferent to the rapid innovations taking plac e in the payment system.A countrys payment system, no matter how advanced and sophisticated, is not immune to risks. One part y in a payment transaction may not be able to receive or use the bills at a time when she needs them for another transaction for one reason or another (e. G. , fraud, bank closure, clearing and settlement failures, etc). More importantly, failure of one par captain to settle one large payment transaction could quickly spread to other transactions and institutions involved in the payment system, causing disruptions to the entire payment system.Systemic failure of the payment system can inevitably undermine t he effectiveness of monetary policy and adversely affect the real sector of the economy. The monetary authorities, therefore, have great interest in promoting efficient and sound payment system and in seeking ways to minimize systemic risk in the payment system because it has important implications for the conduct of monetary policy, the soundness of the uncial institutions and the functioning of the economy as a whole (Baling et al. 996). Recently, the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CAP AS) of the Bank for International Settlements (IBIS) has developed hollow out principles for systematically 4 important payment systems (see Table 1 These are certainly relevant to emerging market and transition economies especially since they are in the process s of improving their payment systems in order to better handle the growing payment flows within and across their borders.The development of these core principles clearly demonstrates he amount of attention currently given by developed as well as develop ins economies in modernizing payment system in light of increasing financial market integration worldwide. This paper in general attempts to assess the efficiency of the existing payment system in the Philippines and its implications for the conduct of MO notary policy. Section II discusses key operational concepts involved in a payment system. This provides a general background to the issues discussed in the subsequent sections.Section II discusses emerging payment systems in industrialized countries. Modern payment systems have evolved in industrialized countries and rapidly spread to developing countries, especially to those that have already substantially liberalized their financial markets. This evolution has continued in response to the growing v illume and complexity of the transactions and as new technologies emerge. Thus, the emerging payment systems in industrialized countries provide developing countries, like the Philippines, a preview of the likely evolution of their payment systems.Socio n IV describes and makes an perspicacity of the existing payment system in the Philippines. Section V assesses the implications of the existing and likely evolution of the countrys payment system for the implementation of monetary policy. The last section presents some recommendations. The IBIS is an inter national organization, which fosters cooperation among central banks and other agencies in pursuit of monetary and financial sat ability and serves as the central bank of central banks.Its judgement office is in Basel, Switzerland and its representative office for Asia and the Pacific is in Hong Kong. 5 Economic transactions involve the rangers of goods and services and the corresponding transfer of value . As illustrated in Figure 1 , these transfers flow in opposite direction. A pa Yemen system, which is indicated in the lower part of is a method of transferring value surrounded by buyers (payers) and sellers (payees). In reality, a payment system is much more complex than what is suggested in the figure above. 1998) provides the following comprehensive description of a payment system A payment system encompasses a set of instruments and means generally acceptable in making payments the institutional and organizational framework overdoing such payments (including prudential regu lation) and the operating procedures and communications network used to initiate and transmit payment information from payer to payee and to settle payments. This section discusses the functions, types of risks and payment instruments in a payment system.A. Functions of a Payment System Any payment transaction has essentially two parts the flow of information providing payment instructions and the flow of funds . Both flows may have different timing and direction. Each payment trans action requires some form of payment instrument o convey the information about the transactions, which may include the face value of the payment, the identity of the parties (I. E. , the payer and the payee) and their intermediaries, the transaction date, ND the value or settlement date.Regardless of the type of payment instrument used to effect payment, the payment systems functions of clearing and settlement occur. Clearing is the process of transmitting, reconciling and in some cases confirming Payn e NT orders or security transfer instructions prior to settlement, possibly including netting of instructions and the establishment of lowest positions for settlement. This will be clarified further below. 6 Settlement is the act of transferring good and final funds between two parties.A Payne NT is settled with finality when the payer can no longer revoke the transfer of funds to the payee and the funds have been delivered flatly to the payee. This is the ultimate objective of a payment system. B. Various Types of Risk in a Payment S http//drips. Pits. Gob. PH/iris/PDF/peptidases. PDF Retail Electronic Payments Systems for Va lee side Transfers in the Developing World Bill Manure Department of Anthropology University of California, Irvine emailprotected Deed Work in Progress This is a draft concept paper.You are incur to cite or quote, but please do not do so without the authors perm session. Comments welcome. Summary A new payments outer space has emerged in the ult five to t en years that promises to bring access to funds transfer, banking and financial SE revives to millions of unbaked people in developing countries and in the diasporas that remit funds to them. This payments space is characterized by the I innovative use of new information and communications technologies. This paper summarizes the expel irenic to date of us chi new electronic payments systems.

Greek and Roman Cultures

Alicia Battles AIU-Online Cultural Topics November 11, 2012 Abstract In this assignment I will compare and contrast Greek and Roman Culture. I will discuss the likes and differences of their government, geographical terrain, economics, trade practices, art, architecture, philosophies, and religious beliefs. Greek Terrain- city states separated by hilly countryside and all near water Art- ideal artistic form (Superior to Roman art) Economy- grew wheat, produced, booze and olive oil thought trading was degrading Social classes- slaves, freedmen, metics, citizens, women women were not considered citizensGovernment- kings originally ruled, then oligarchy, then democracy Religion- cupid God of Love, Ares God of war, ground on human personality traits, Love, Honor, Hatred, Dignity, also their roles in life determined what they were divinity of Zeus sky/weather, Hades destruction, Poseidon sea, aquatics Physical life was of importance kind of of eventuality of the afterlife Each god h ad characteristics that determined their actions Deities were important for progression of life but mortals were just as Both Geographic Terrain- Mediterranean countriesEconomy- based on agriculture, worked mines, had slaves, produced wine and olive oil, coinage, divided by wealth Religion- same gods but different names and traits Government- originated by kings Philosophy- slowly emerged out of religious bewilderment into curiosity about the principles and elements of the natural world. When Greek population moved to their cities interest changed to social living. Roman Terrain- Rome was inland, and on one side of the Tiber River Art- realistic portraits for palm tree Economy- imported wheat, farmers, and also engaged in trade Social Classes- slaves, freedmen, plebeians, patriciansWomen were considered citizens Government- Kings originally ruled, then mixed republican form, then emperors Religion- Eros god of love, Mars god of martial fertility, Deities named after objects mortal s did good deeds to be rewarded in the afterlife they strove to gain their place with the gods in heaven Religion- gods not gender specific so their individual characteristics were not central to the myths myths based in brave, heroic deeds of gods not mortals as mortal life was not important after death Not individualistic a warrior found sacred actions more important than words gods had no physical mportant as it was their contribution in society that mattered in the end Individualistic individuals had more consequences for their actions than that of a group Physical work not as important as creativity Gods were beautiful, bodies, muscles, eyes and hair make them more beautiful. Architecture- Buildings made of wood, clay, or mud bricks, limestone, marble, terracotta, plaster, and bronze buildings were of the type of religious, funerary, domestic, civic, or recreational themes ppearance Architecture- Rome adopted most of its architecture from Greek architecture References http//www . britannica. com/EBchecked/ root word/1350843/Western-philosophy/16256/Shifts-in-the-focus-and-concern-of-Western-philosophy http//www. differencebetween. com/difference-between-greek-and-vs-roman-archit ecture/ http//www. diffen. com/difference/Greek_Gods_vs_Roman_Gods http//ancienthistory. about. com/od/greecevsrome/ss/GreecevsRome_8. htm

Chicken Pox and its Vaccine

1. Do you pair that the chickenpox vaccinum non receive tip priority? If so, what disease would you like to see get more(prenominal) funding? If not, why?Yes, I agree that the chickenpox vaccine should not receive top priority, but still be funded. However, I would rank funding intensive research on diseases that hasten no known vaccine such as SARS. The devastation it has caused should serve as a warning to us that at that place ar still more unknown, yet threatening diseases out there.2. Do you know of anyone who may have died due t complications from the chickenpox virus?No. I do not know anyone who have died due to complications of the chickenpox virus.3. Is there any hard evidence that you could find to get me to reconsider my decision to kill the funding for chickenpox vaccine?Funding for the chickenpox vaccine should not be completely stopped as it croup cause other complications including, encephalitis, pneumonia, arthritis, Reyes syndrome and in rare cases, meni ngitis (Fackler and Golonka, 2006), which should not be taken lightly.4. What other vaccines (if any) may be used to help prevent chickenpox?There is no other known vaccine for chickenpox other than Varivax, however, one effective way to prevent it is to avoid people who currently have the disease.5. If funding for the chickenpox vaccine is pulled, do you think there would be a higher relative incidence of Shingles among older adults?No, because based on studies, the occurrence for Shingles among adults is only 15% and there is a separate vaccine for it (Curtis and Rea, 2007).Malaria and Its Vaccine1. Should drug and vaccine research be done if financial gain is not prob suitable?Yes. question for vaccines should still be done because lives are at stake. I reckon that if researches talk to the right people and make them aware of the potential threat of a authentic virus or disease, they should be able to get the funds they needed to develop a vaccine.2. If so, who should pay fo r this research?The regime should provide initial funding for researches such as this one. However, millionaires, such as actors all around the world, nigh of whom have strongly supported health-related campaigns such as the AIDS awareness, should also give their share in funding for researches on vaccines.3. Should the United States and other developed countries provide grants for research if their citizens allow for not welfare?Yes. I believe that first world countries, such as the United States, should fund researches for vaccines even if it go forth not benefit their citizens because it will still benefit others. Besides, these developed countries would never know when a certain disease would break out in their own countries and the vaccine that they helped fund is actually the cure.4. It all boils downwards to the question. . . Is health a right or a privilege?Health is a right. It goes beyond money or social status. One of the governments crucial roles is to ensure that l aws, which benefit even the poor, are passed and implemented effectively.SARS and its Vaccine1. Do you agree/disagree that since there is currently a clinical trial vaccine for SARS that it should be a priority for funding, which can lead to further testing and approval for a safe vaccine? exempt.Yes. I agree that funding for a SARS vaccine should be prioritized. I believe that while there is no proven vaccine that could effectively prevent or fragility the virus, every country is at risk. Therefore, every country should contribute whatever they can to be able to create a SARS vaccine.2. Are there any negative side effects in the clinical trial of the inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine? If so, what are they? Explain?According to a report of the Vaccine Research Center in the US, so far, the trial vaccine has no serious side effects. Based on report, ten healthy individuals, aged 18-50 years old, who were administered with the trial vaccine, tolerated it pretty well (Vaccine Research Cen ter).3. Do you believe that there will be another(prenominal) SARS outbreak in the near future? Explain?Yes. As long as there is not vaccine to cure SARS, there will ceaselessly be a risk of future outbreaks. However, I also believe that if ever there will future outbreaks of SARS, it would be evolved or higher forms of the virus. There is a high possibility that this could happen since another virus, the Avian flu or Bird flu, is believed to be an evolved form of a previous virus.

Chateau de Vallois

Jennifer Xing 1. The disadvantages of Chateau de Vallois going into the cheap wine-colored market 1) Launching a refreshed product, and entering a new-fangled market give invite large investment upfront, for doing research, hiring new staff, acquiring new land. 2) It is a risky investment since the new product market is very unfamiliar to the company. The market, competitors, consumer preference, even the climate is unfamiliar for the company. ) The launch of cheap wine whitethorn hurt the brand image of the luxury line. Consumers may feel less prestigious if they suspect that the grapes be non attended to as well as before, because the new winery took time away from fetching c ar of the traditional land.Consumers may also suspect that the wine is made out of grapes that are apply to make cheap wine, thus less willing to buy the expensive wine from the company. The advantages ) Chateau de Vallois dealnister extend away the financial risk of a bad year for grapes or econo mics depression, by having a operation in California that is not as elastic as the luxury brand 2) With the new cheap brand, Chateau de Vallois will be able to capture a broader base of consumers. The family brand name will occupy a larger share of the wine industry. 3) The new cheap brand, if captures the young consumers, when the young sprightliness for good wines, they will be more likely to look into Chateau de Vallois high price wine. 2.Claire is forward looking, profit-driven, and expansionary, age Francois is traditional, reserved, and risk-averse. Gaspard rout out keep everybody happy by allowing Claire to set up a different brand in California, and leave the France winery to Francois. The different brand is essential not a part of Chateau de Vallois, thus Francois wouldnt worry while Claire can still try out her business venture. 3. Three specific suggestions 1) Claire can start from scratch in California, acquire existing winery or start with a roast venture.I suggest an acquisition of existing winery, so Claire will have the expertise of the existing staff members who are familiar with the estate 2) Claire must design a new brand and logo separate from Chateau de Vallois, and be listed as a subsidiary, so the new brand enjoys the benefit of the prestigious brand name, but do not necessarily hurt the brand by entering the cheap market 3) Claire should bring in staff and experts from France to train the California staff of quality control, procedures and company culture.It is after all a Chateau de Vallois brand, and what can distinguish this new brand from other wines is its Chateau de Vallois family name. 4. I agree with de Rothschild that the winery could and should expand. I do not see the new expansion as a threat to the image of the older brand, especially if the new brand is well managed with ensured high quality that can even add to the brand prestige.Johnny Walker didnt even bother to change the name of the brand, but its colored labels a re very successful, catering to a spectrum of consumers. There are many upsides of the expansion. The new brand can capture new consumer segment, the new consumers can transfer to higher end wines, and the higher end buyers might even want to drink the cheaper smorgasbord on a more daily basis instead of putting the most expensive into wine cellar.

Does the Media Promote Terrorism?

Assignment Some scholars argue that too often the media helps promote terrorists agenda. Others, however, disagree. What is your let position on the medias role and impact in covering terrorist cases? Organize your reply by selecting trio case studies that, by employing the same assumption or hypothesis, appear to compose a pattern that supports your opinion. Your dress should not exceed five hundred wrangling (about two double-spaced, typed pages). Does the Media Promote terrorism? The news media of Ameri preempt society does not encourage terrorist act. The however thing that the media encourages is knowledge of what is going on around the world.Unfortunately, some(prenominal) terrorist organizations use the news media to receivedize recognition for their groups causes and goals. Most of the time, the media will serve as force to gain citizen support for the governments actions against a terrorist movement. The only problem with having the freedom of press that the United States enjoys is that every ane has a voice. When it comes down to an American killing an American, the media is not totallyied with the terrorist. Americans do not like to see fellow citizens die at the hands of a terrorist, especially by an American terrorist.Timothy McVeigh, probably unknowingly, helped in decreasing the be of American terrorist. McVeighs act, bombing the Murrah building in Oklahoma City, was seen as so repulsive that many observant people attracted to militias simply walked away. The majority of Americans didnt want to be associated with anything like the killing of 168 Americans, even though McVeigh had only attended a few militia meetings. (Mahan & Griset, p. 225) The media coverage for the bombing in 1995 gave the American public the preparation needed to assess what was going on in the militant organizations across the United States.No one truly believes that the media plan or suggest terrorist attacks to groups or individuals. But the action of the media has been scrutinized intensely in new-fashioned years to determine whether media coverage of terrorist events caused terrorists to choose one particular choice of action over another. (Combs, p. 179) The raising of American citizens is an invaluable tool that is channeled through the media for the benefit of all citizens. With the help of the media, the people get all of the facts and are able to form their own opinion about what is going on, who is responsible for events, and how future events can be avoided.The media and the government have common interests in seeing that the media are not manipulated into promoting the cause of terrorism or its methods On the other hand, neither the media or policymakers want to see terrorism, or counter terrorism, corrosion constitutional freedoms including that of the pressone of the pillars of democratic societies. (Perl) In conclusion if terrorists seek media attention and are disposed(p) after an attack, their act will be seen as succes sful so, by not overruling other real news media, have the ability to affect the scale of an attack.With todays worldwide Internet approachability to anyone at anytime the support and especially funding of terrorism acts may increase. But, however, the CNN affect in other words may increase the number of casualties from a terrorist attack if international press exaggerating the hatred to fightds terrorism and war on terror. Out of this it is clear that media as the voice of the people encourages the scale of the terrorist attack merely not the actual terrorist attack in itself.ReferencesCombs, C. (2010). Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century ( 6th Ed.), Charlotte, NC. PearsonMahan, S. & Griset, P. (2008). Terrorism in Perspective ( 2nd Ed.), Thousand Oaks, California Sage Publications.Perl, R. (1997). Terrorism, The Media, and the Government Perspectives, Trends, and Options for Policymakers Retrieved Febraury 25, 2011 from http//www.fas.org/irp/crs/crs-terror.htm.

British Colonialism & the Kikuyu Resistance

Colonisation appears to invariably example conflict. Even where the proto-indigenous population is tot exclusivelyy eliminated or absorbed, as in South Africa and Canada, and supplanted by new aboriginals (Canada) or settlers (South Africa), conflict will ensue as all new colonists arrive (Canada) or a nonher thrill of settlement arrives and collides (South Africa). The point might be, compoundism ends in violence. It enervates one group to fight the other, no matter the odds. Colonialism must adapt to a new reality for peace to arrive.Much like the North American aboriginal experience, cardinal major shifts occurred in the late 19th century Kikuyu area of Africa. First, a mass outbreak of epidemics took a catastrophic toll its the indigenous population. Then, the ensuing famine force the deva recountd populations to vacate the areas they had traditionally farmed. These favourably rank pour downs, coined as the White Highlands, became the focal point for British compoundism i n Kenya. Parliament then get aheadd its subjects (i. e.British citizens, eastbound-European Jews, and unify South African Boers) to settle the recently acquired land, marketing it as a paradise lost. This pronounced the second, more influential and important shift in Kenyan mixer club an influx of white-foreigners. Kikuyu resistance was express mail and sporadic, as they lacked a cohesive organized administration, suppressed by the British colonials as an round down on public order. Violence was sporadic and limited. The East African Protectorate did not command satisfactory importance in capital of the United Kingdom politics, and thus received little attention.In 1902, the East African Protectorate acquired racy lands around Lake Victoria marking the blood line of railway expansion. The completion of the Mombasa-Victoria railway in 1903 shifted Londons perception on the importance of its newly acquired African land. Subsequently, with significant Parliamentary encourage ment, European settlement surged into the East African Protectorate. Although seemingly a principle tenet of colonialism, the last priority of the settlers seemed to be the working of the land that they had acquired.Rather, they opted for cheap local labour, namely the Kikuyu, to work their plantation cash crops. Soon, London issued a sequence of edicts, laws, and policies to encourage local support. This general policy removed the native Kikuyu from their traditionally perceived lands, and forced them either into remote and infertile reservations or semi-urban communities where they constituted a source of inexpensive labour. Such repressive policies were regarded as appropriate actions on the basis of racial supremacy, and therefore justifiable in the eyes of white-settlers, if executed inside that perception of fairness.The locals were black, and perceived by whites as un-equal humans. In their eyes, the natives had no inherent right to the land and sure as shooting it was widel y-held by the colonists that they, the kikuyu, didnt utilize it efficiently anyway. During the 1920s, Kenyas white society reached a politically faultfinding mass. British administration recognized its increasing affluence and influence. Consequently, London decisively established Kenya (named after the huge mountain) as a colony, thereby trapping its indigenous population within a colonial system.They could not get rid of it and instead faced two options be put to work as approximately another domestic animal, or be forced into a remote reservation. *Despite social repression, a relatively small number of Kikuyu were educated through established Missionary schools. Soon enough, this educated minority realized that the plenty were being ruled for and by European settlers. Natives were prohibited from cultivating the colonys elementary cash crop, or able to own land in ancestrally-farmed areas. Administratively held to low-wages, natives required settler-controlled passbooks t o travel freely.In vague of these, and other, discriminatory state-sponsored practices, the Kikuyu Central Organization was formed. However, the evolution of the Kikuyus political and intellectual state was fought and opposed at e precise turn. During a 1920 peaceful protest over the arrest and exile of one of its leaders, uniformed practice of law and settlers fired upon the Kikuyu Central Organizations street gathering. This incident cemented the whites discriminatory fit of the natives, and further exacerbated the fear amongst the Kikuyu people. In 1925, London ruled that 150,000 Kikuyu squatters had no traditional ownership rights in settler areas, effectively eliminating the Kikuyus surviving economical and legal defenses. *Furthermore, the Kenya Land Commission of 1934 affirmed European cognomen rights to virtually all fertile land within the colony. While the consequences were not immediate, they became increasingly visible as the Kikuyu populations growth surged, creat ing severe overcrowding within reserve confines. The inverse relationship between federal agency and population became apparent during the Second world War when Kenyas native opulation numbered 4. 3 gazillion, spell the white-settlers remained at around 25,000. There was no real cohesive political structure a British date governed the colony. Despite a native population of over four million Kikuyu, the white minority tout ensemble dominated all colonial life. Aside from serving in the British Colonial Army and as reservation chiefs and administrators positive to enforce British rule, the natives were completely exempt from all colonial practices. In this context, the colonial administration justified the expulsion of close to one hundred meter local Kikuyu from the white areas.With nearly every acre of fertile land expropriated for whites- all usage, the Kikuyu had except the overcrowded reservations, or equally destitute urban center shantytowns. Increasingly, the Kikuyu suffered economic and social deprivation, creating a politically explosive situation. The ensuing, increasing dissidence amongst the Kikuyu prompted the British politics to criminalize the Kikuyu Central connective in 1940. Under the ruse of a wartime security measure, British colonialism destroyed the Kikuyus only peaceful means of expressing grievances, further exacerbating racial tensions within the colony.The collapse of Hitlers Third Reich brought to absolved the ultimate horrors of ethnic supremacy. International revulsion at Nazi Germanys actions subsequently evoked strong belief for the colonial repression of blacks. Consequently, colonial government activity decriminalized Kikuyu representation, allowing for the creation of the Kenyan African Union. This new organization seek cite as a real political party, advocating the removal of discriminatory state practices. With only a fistful of committed men as its primary leadership, its beginning was unpromising.Changing the names, locations, and dates in this sequence would probably aim as any other generic history of African colonial resistance. Similar to other African insurgencies, the violence was scattered and sporadic, with a notable vendetta against the white-foreign oppression. What happened in Kenya, however, was distinctively a Kikuyu issue. Increasingly, large come of Kikuyu want methods to organize themselves for strong political advocacy. ( The Kikuyu found neither justice nor substance in nationalism, religion, or Communism. kinda, the Kikuyu linked cultural traditions with the symbolism of ceremonial oath-taking, to encourage social and political unity. Unbeknownst to its membership, this practice effectively gave rise to an informal sense of nationhood within the Kikuyu people. Like all insurgencies The Emergency began modestly, starting in 1950 with only a group of a dozen young activists from the Kenyan African Union. Increasingly frustrated with otiose bargaining with the whi tes, this group, the self-proclaimed Kiambaa Parliament, took the baby steps of resistance organization.The ensuing war between the natives, settlers and colonial regimen, which engulfed Kenyan society from 1952-1960, was indisputably merciless, archaic, and oppressive, during which only thirty-two European settlers and less than two hundred police and militia were killed. Why, then, did such a relatively small number of colonial deaths prompt such a blood-chilling rhetoric? Firstly, many of the insurgents were origin employees of the white-settlers who, while considering the majority of colonial settlers to be severe and even cruel, also considered many as neighborly and caring, and were therefore loyal to their previous employers.In the eyes of the whites, Jeeves had taken to the Jungle. That these apparently loyal employees should repel against their employers delineate the ultimate treachery biting the hand that fed you. To settlers, this act was all the evidence they need ed to ill-treat the natives, cementing the racial stereotypes in mind. Secondly, the white settlers lacked a thorough understanding of the Kikuyu insurgents cohesion. The movements lack of nationalism or commitment to a religion or ideology, which gave other insurgencies a unity, evoked fury from the settlers.The Kikuyus leaders induced unity through cultural traditions (i. e. ceremonial oath-taking), which was perceived by the settlers as black magic or witchcraft. While the terms used would have been very distinct to the locals, the natives agreed with the resulting terror. The aforementioned ceremonial oathing was designed to vilify normal behavioural codes, and psychologically mark its taker. Participants transcended normative mental barriers that had constricted their actions, presumably making the participant emerge as a new person, a revolutionary an itungati.New members were forced to commit acts, sometimes brutal and disturbing acts, to solidify commitment to the cause and the knot brotherhood. Militants were thus altered into a different person, associated with other, similarly-changed members, within an organization from which it was extremely difficult, if not suicidal, to withdraw membership. The Mau Mau revolt for certain had grounds to take root. The South African and European settlers had appropriated all the land, land that the 1. 5 million Kikuyu perceived as their national patrimony.Converted into cheap market labour to work the lands, the Kikuyu were no more important to settlers than serfs to a lord. They had no civil rights to speak of, and were subjected to arbitrary state violence at the hands of militia and police. No effective say was allocated to Kikuyu in their own tribal affairs, let alone Kenyan affairs. Furthermore, while other African countries were moving closer towards freedom, Kenya was seemingly slipping further into white-minority control, as was happening in South African and Southern Rhodesia.Even when British auth orities loosened the reigns on their colonies, it was only the white settlers who benefitted, not the natives. Therefore, the Kikuyu felt alienated in their cause and had no hope for improvement instead, they feared the some twenty-five thousand whites who dominated them. Settlers were horrified to see their standard of living challenged, and demanded massive and indiscriminate suppression of the savages. The response was certainly to their liking. Sir Evelyn Baring, the newly-appointed colonial governor, found that his staff knew little to nothing about what had disaffected those Kikuyu who joined the Mau Mau revolt.Consultation with the British appointed Kikuyu chiefs served little purpose and, in a sense, exacerbated the situation. The chiefs simply vocalized what they felt that the British authorities wanted to hear, maintaining and defend their own positions. However, Baring accepted uncritically the notion of illegitimacy behind the Kikuyu movement, concluding that if you don t get Kenyatta and those around him and shut them up somehow or other we are in a terrible, hopeless position* Initially, it seemed as though the British government had fallen into the counterinsurgency trap, come across increasing danger with increasing force.However, it was soon realized that force alone would ultimately fail, co-incidentally around the corresponding time London parliament found the conflict prohibitively expensive. A new strategy focused on rehabilitation that would not rely entirely on violence and oppression, but which merely failed to recognize the key issue, the rule of Kenya by foreigners. British authorities looked over at Malaya for a get to school of proper counterinsurgency. Its colony had been combatting against a mainly ethnic Chinese rebellion since 1948*.However very much other colonial models of counterinsurgency taught lessons, the Malaysian principle would fail in Kenya. Regarded as irredeemable Communists, British Malaysian authorities depo rted thousands of ethnic Chinese detainees as foreigners. It was impossible, however, to exile even the most committed Mau Mau Kikuyu as a non-Kenyan foreigner. Furthermore, the fervent hate of the Malays for the Chinese, who were far more intrusive and oppressive than the British, could not be replicated in Kenya since everyone was Kikuyu.Instead, Kenyan colonial policy reflected tactics deemed suitable to the local issues, internment camps coupled with blue grilling. British authorities decided that, above all else, information was needed on the Kikuyu resistance. Strategically, authorities sought an understanding as to why the Kikuyu supported the Mau Mau resistance tactically, they sought who supported and supplied them. The process of grilling (i. e. scrutiny under torture) provided authorities with information that was extorted through force.Once all they could glean was gathered from them, the remaining guerrillas (many died under examination) were set(p) within the internm ent camps, out of touch with the active resistance movement. Purely out of luck sort of than strategy, did colonial authorities managed to apprehend the charismatic figurehead of the guerrilla movement, in January 1945 Waruhiu Itote. Intensive interrogation revealed all that the authorities wanted to know. Itote revealed everything from his headquarters location, to the support organization, to the size and structure of his guerrilla army.They were revealed to have less than fractional the fighting capability that the British had thought (i. e. around several thousand fighters, only), and seriously underequipped with a troubling arsenal of weapons (e. g. 361 bolt action rifles/shotguns, 1 hand grenade, & 1,230 homemade weapons). Surprisingly, much like Titos partisans, the Mau Mau had constructed a factory to manufacture and repair the rudimentary weapons they had stolen or created, all while receiving absolutely no foreign support. Despite the new-found intelligence, the Britis h authorities were at a loss.Like all sensible guerrillas, Mau Maus fighters fled when at a disadvantage. The advantages of move on aircraft and highly mobilized ground forces were negated by the Mau Mau ability to hide in the forests around Mount Kenya. Lacking progress, authorities pushed Itote to pursue peace negotiations, but gained no ground as neither party trusted the other. Instead colonial authorities utilized the hiatus to identify supporters, arresting over a thousand Kikuyu and beginning a massive detention campaign immediately after talks broke down. Effectively, British authorities imprisoned the entire Kikuyu urban population.Entire villages were de-populated virtually every Kikuyu male was separated from his wife and children. Over thirty thousand people were plucked from their homes. Ultimately, the British authorities packed up close to 150,000 Kikuyu into interment camps. On a more practical level colonial authority sought to encourage loyalty to the state by pro mising land to those who fought against the Mau Mau. Yet the insurgency did not cease. It became clear to the British authorities that two main problems had been greatly overlooked the issue of land, and the ceremonial oath.In response, authorities created 3 separate answers for, what they perceived, as three separate problems. Firstly, to find a way to release the Kikuyu from their oaths of resistance, secondly, to meet the desperate hunger for land amongst the Kikuyu, and finally, to stimulate forward an acceptable leader to replace the militant Itote. The bitterest issue amongst the Kikuyu was the appropriation of tribal land. Coupled with the post-First World War population explosion, it turned large numbers of Kikuyu into landless labourers.Furthermore, the social policy implemented during the thirty-something swelled the population. Those unlucky white highlanders would have no hope of finding land anywhere in the already overcrowded cultivable leftovers. Indeed with such b leak options available, large numbers flocked into urban centers. The surge of slums, in particular in Nairobi, housed the idle landless farmers who had no skill or trade to sustain their living. If Kenya wanted to light upon a lasting peace, this problem had to be addressed apace.However, ruling authorities (under settler pressure) adamantly refused to repay Kikuyu rebels by the appropriation of land for them from the colonists, and instead proposed increasing current land productivity. Given contemporary fiscal, technological, and social restraints, the proposed policy had the effect of furthering the wealth of the white landowners without addressing the problem of the landless poor. As a result of colonial resistance to large-scale land distribution, over one million Kikuyu were packed into, Kenyas version of, government-run villages. An temporary expedient on the ontemporary fortified village program run by the British in Malaya, the inhabitants regarded them as despicable prison camps, almost a step down from the internment camps. Even assuming that these villages were acceptable, the land appoint to them was of poor quality, leaving the only source of fertile farming land within the white community. Ultimately, however, indisposed(p) colonial authorities agreed on the repurchase of settler land for native use. From a more military perspective, colonial authorities agreed the second step would be to stop, or at the very least diminish, the impact of the ceremonial-oaths being taken.Seeking to remedy the issue of zealous commitment, the colonial government commissioned Louis Leakey to create un-oathing ceremony. Renowned for his anthropological work, Leakeys perception was that Christianity was the greatest counterinsurgency tactic available. He promptly created a program for rehabilitation. With a strong understanding of the Kikuyus culture, Leakey knew full well that such a ceremony could remove the moral commitment of many Mau Mau rank and-file. For the time it was certainly a infrastructure approach to counterinsurgency strategy, and was the most effective application devised.Under this program of rehabilitation over repression, colonial authorities encouraged defection. However this program was far from infallible. Those who opted out were left with long-term imprisonment, or hanging. Ultimately, after a token trial for the suspected Mau Mau sympathizers, colonial authorities hanged a gruesome tally of 1,090 Kikuyu. Such a number reflects upon its oppressive implementers, that justice under British colonial rule in Kenya was a blunt, brutal and unsophisticated instrument of oppression. (p. 122) Conclusively, the white settlers lost their dirty war.Ultimately, no military or security forces can recreate the pre-insurgency situation. Killing sympathizers and soldiers, hanging the leadership, and interning masses of innocent people creates an uncontrollable socio-political situation. London would no longer condone the actio ns of the Kenyan white minority. Parliament only saw a dwindling treasury, diminishing international prestige, and no substantial progress towards a solution. So, in 1959, the conservative government sought a tabla-rasa and began dismantling the legal framework of the Kenyan police-state.Finally, the tables had turned, and the white supremacists world shattered. The white settlers would be forced to sell their lands now that Kenyans had been given majority rule and open land franchise. The 1961 national reconciliation begun by Jomo Kenyatta, paved the way for independence in 1963. It was the actions of Kenyatta which subdued the Mau Mau rebels. With strong support from London, Kenyatta was able to give the people what they cried for, what the Mau Mau fought for, and what all nations ultimately desire independence.